{"id":64898,"date":"2020-11-02T01:18:57","date_gmt":"2020-11-02T06:18:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.biblicalarchaeology.org\/?p=64898"},"modified":"2022-01-31T11:30:55","modified_gmt":"2022-01-31T16:30:55","slug":"pray-and-work-like-an-egyptian-monk","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.biblicalarchaeology.org\/daily\/ancient-cultures\/daily-life-and-practice\/pray-and-work-like-an-egyptian-monk\/","title":{"rendered":"Pray and Work like an Egyptian Monk"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"Ape<\/a>

Abbot Shenoute<\/b> (347\u2013465) was one of the most influential figures of early Egyptian (Coptic) Christianity. A long-lived authoritarian leader of the so-called White Monastery Federation\u2014between the years c. 385 and 465\u2014Shenoute left indelible mark on the communal (cenobitic) monasticism, giving his monks and nuns detailed rules to regulate every aspect of their lives.<\/p><\/div>\n

\u201cAnd together, all shall submit to the one who is in charge of them, with all submissiveness and all propriety, in what he directs them to do, without murmuring and blaming, knowing that they have been assigned to him by whoever instructs them.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u2014Shenoute of Atripe (Rule #555)<\/p>\n

This is one of the hundreds of monastic rules that have been preserved in the writings of Shenoute of Atripe (347\u2013465), a great Christian leader in late antique Egypt. An abbot of the famous White Monastery and a head for many years of the monastic federation near the modern city of Sohag in southern Egypt, Apa (or, Father) Shenoute is one of the most influential figures of early monasticism. In his leadership role during the formative decades of Christian communal (cenobitic) monasticism, Shenoute authored or adapted rules that governed every possible aspect of monastic life. These rules did not survive as a single work but are found scattered in Shenoute\u2019s eight-volume opus known as the Canons (composed in his native Coptic<\/a> Egyptian), which only now is being systematically studied and published.
\nShenoute\u2019s monastic rules are among the most ancient ones, as some of them were produced only a generation after the oldest known monastic rules<\/a>, composed by Pachomius in the second quarter of the fourth century. Addressing a wide range of situations and topics, these rules, commands, and wishes provide intimate access to the workings of the monastic federation<\/a> and daily lives of its members.
\nAs a great deal of Coptic monks\u2019 daily lives revolved around manual labor, many of the rules relate to work. Writing for the Fall 2020 issue<\/a> of Biblical Archaeology Review<\/em>, Dana Robinson<\/a> focuses on what Shenoute\u2019s rules reveal about the monastic lived experience as related to work and how monastic ideals about work were put into practice. Because these rules survive embedded in Shenoute\u2019s sermons and letters that compose his Canons, they often appear in the context of a specific real-life situation. A researcher of food, work, and religion in late antiquity, Robinson in her article \u201cMonks at Work: Ideals and Reality in Early Egyptian Monasticism,\u201d tries to integrate these written sources with archaeological data obtained through recent excavations at the White Monastery.<\/p>\n

\"White<\/a>

Main church of the White Monastery.<\/b> The monastic federation under Shenoute\u2019s leadership consisted of two male monasteries (known today as the White and the Red monasteries) and one nunnery. The federation was founded around 360 C.E., by St. Pcol, whom Shenoute credits as the author of some of the rules he quotes in his own writings.<\/p><\/div>\n

\u201cAbbot Shenoute\u2019s strategies of control over the working environment and workforce (the monks) show that he was conscious of the possibilities of the monastery as a communicative landscape centered on labor,\u201d writes Robinson. \u201cSome of his regulations may seem like inefficient economic choices, but the \u201creal\u201d product of monastic labor\u2014from the perspective of ascetic theologians, such as Shenoute\u2014is the person of the monk him- or herself: humble, obedient, and spiritually focused.\u201d<\/p>\n

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To learn about the kinds of physical work performed at the White Monastery, the social effects of labor organization, monastic economy, and the spiritual aspects of work regulations, read Dana Robinson\u2019s article \u201cMonks at Work: Ideals and Reality in Early Egyptian Monasticism,\u201d published in the Fall 2020 issue of Biblical Archaeology Review<\/em>.<\/p>\n

\"Red<\/a>

Red Monastery<\/b> lies 2.5 miles northwest of the larger White Monastery. Its main church (built in early sixth century) is decorated with stunning wall paintings, which have recently been restored by the Red Monastery Project. Shown here is the middle register of the north lobe featuring images of monastic saints, including Shenoute\u2019s biographer, Besa (left), and Shenoute himself (second from left).<\/p><\/div>\n

——————<\/center>Subscribers: Read the full article \u201cMonks at Work: Ideals and Reality in Early Egyptian Monasticism\u201d<\/a> by Dana Robinson in the Fall 2020 issue of Biblical Archaeology Review<\/em>.<\/p>\n
\n

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Not a BAS<\/em> Library or All-Access Member yet? Join today.<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Coptic: Egypt\u2019s Christian Language<\/a><\/strong> by Leo Depuydt. The Coptic language has been in the news recently. Loudly. And everywhere; also in BAR.a Perhaps more than is good for it. Remember the Coptic \u201cGospel of Jesus\u2019 Wife,\u201d whose claim to authenticity trumpeted worldwide by elevated authorities was promptly pulverized into subatomic particles and laughed off the stage?<\/p>\n

Monastic Views of Work<\/a><\/strong> by Peter Brown. Because of our Western orientation, we often lose sight of the fact that, from the third to the sixth century A.D., the eastern half of the Roman Empire was backed by a buoyant economy; a world that we now associate with dry deserts dotted with ancient ruins was thriving.1 The Roman Empire that the great British historian Edward Gibbon described in his monumental History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (first appeared in 1776) was declining mostly in the West. In the East, the Roman Empire was still alive and well.<\/p>\n

The Book of Hours: The medievel best seller<\/a><\/strong> by Roger S. Wieck. It has long been a truism that the Bible is the most-published book in the history of Western culture. But for almost 250 years, from about 1275 to 1525, Books of Hours (illuminated prayer books whose heart is a series of prayers devoted to the Virgin Mary) were the medieval best sellers.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u201cAnd together, all shall submit to the one who is in charge of them, with all submissiveness and all propriety, in what he directs them […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":25,"featured_media":64899,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[363,382,386,391],"tags":[17054,3365,3366,3367,17058,17025,17052,17057,17056,17053,14551,17055],"class_list":["post-64898","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-daily","category-biblical-archaeology-sites","category-daily-life-and-practice","category-inscriptions","tag-abbot-shenoute","tag-coptic-history","tag-coptic-period","tag-coptic-scrolls","tag-egyptian-christianity","tag-egyptian-monk","tag-monastery","tag-monastic-federation","tag-red-monastery","tag-shenoute","tag-what-is-coptic","tag-white-monastery"],"acf":[],"nelio_content":{"autoShareEndMode":"never","automationSources":{"useCustomSentences":false,"customSentences":[]},"efiAlt":"","efiUrl":"","followers":[],"highlights":[],"isAutoShareEnabled":true,"networkImageIds":[],"permalinkQueryArgs":[],"series":[],"suggestedReferences":[]},"yoast_head":"\nPray and Work like an Egyptian Monk - 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